Many patients with chronic diseases acquire terminal pneumonia while hospitalized nosocomial infection. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. It may be suprising therefore to discover the fragmentary knowledge available regarding its pathophysiology. The setting in which pneumonia develops is one of the most important features. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. Pneumonia is a common illness which occurs in all age groups, and is a leading cause of death among the elderly and people who are chronically and terminally ill.
Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and. The setting often helps determine what infecting organism is responsible for the pneumonia. A ct scan can also show complications of pneumonia, abscesses or pleural effusions and enlarged lymph nodes. Management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults working group of the south african thoracic society 1. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission 1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the time of hospital admission. Diagnosis is suggested by a history of cough, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, or acute. People with mild not so bad pneumonia can usually be treated at home. Brasil norte nordeste sudeste sul centro oeste pdf created with fineprint pdffactory trial. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis and management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults richard r.
According to the infectious disease society of america idsa, pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the usa, with greater than 14% mortality among hospitalized patients. Watkins, md, ms, akron general medical center, akron, ohio tracy l. Management of communityacquired pneumonia in adults. Infected parts of the lung fill up with fluid, which contains white blood cells that fight the infection. The distinction of hap from communityacquired pneumonia is important, as patients with hap are susceptible to pneumonia from. Pneumonia is a common infection among nursing home residents. Although neisseria meningitidis is one of the major causes of meningitis, meningococcal pneumonia is the most common nonneurological organ disease caused by this pathogen. Pneumonia is usually caused due to an infection with a bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite. Atif ali bashir assistant professor of pathology college of medicine majmaah university introduction. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. However, with the use of effective antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, most children get better without complications. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. What caused the pneumonia severity of symptoms other factors, like your overall health people with severe pneumonia may need to be hospitalized. Once microorganisms reach the alveolar space, they cause pneumonia by overcoming the last defense mechanism of the lung, the. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards. As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space. Pneumonia when you have pneumonia, the air sacs in the lungs fill with infection or mucus. Communityacquired pneumonia causes great mortality and morbidity and high costs worldwide. Hypoxaemia is a key element in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap. The other bacteria which cause communityacquired pneumonia besides streptococcus pneumoniae are haemophilus infuenzae, staphylococcus. Lemonovich, md, university hospitals case medical center, cleveland, ohio c ommunityacquired pneumonia cap is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in adults.
Learn pathophysiology patho nursing pneumonia with free interactive flashcards. From the full set of recommendations, the gdg selected 6 key priorities for implementation. Most community acquired pneumonia cap are bacterial in origin and often follow brief viral upper respiratory tract infection. Pneumonia may develop in people living in the community communityacquired pneumonia or cap, or in the hospital hospitalacquired pneumonia or hap. A ct scan also shows the airway trachea and bronchi in great detail and can help determine if pneumonia may be related to a problem within the airway. Pneumonia has been studied intensively as to its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, therapy, prognosis, and complications. Physical or chemical injury to the lungs can also result in the condition. Pneumonia, antibiotics, child communityacquired pneumonia is the leading global cause of childhood morbidity and mortality.
Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chestx rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Airway colonization, ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis vat, and hospitalacquired hap and ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap are three manifestations having the presence of microorganisms in airways in common. Treatment and prevention of pneumonia report by the secretariat burden and epidemiology of pneumonia 1. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. Introduction pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchiole, most commonly bacterial in nature, and associated with clinical andor radiological evidence of. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients.
Mormin 3, azme khamis 4 1,2,4departent of mathematic and sciences, faculty of science, art and human development, university tun hussein onn malaysia, parit raja, batu pahat, johor, malaysia. Signs of pneumonia breathing faster than normal or having trouble breathing pain. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. To identify, synthesize and summarize current evidence to guide scaling up of management of childhood acute. Pneumonia has been studied intensively as to its etiology, pathogenesis. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process. Pneumonia pneumonia is an infection that makes the tiny air sacs in your lungs inflamed swollen and sore. In addition, vaccines can prevent some types of pneumonia. Choose from 500 different sets of pathophysiology patho nursing pneumonia flashcards on quizlet.
Pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. Treatment of communityonset pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients. There are many possible causes of pneumonia, and the most likely causes differ with age. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Aspiration pneumonia is caused by a foreign material, usually food or vomit getting into the lungs from the throat, which irritates the airways and lung tissue and increases chances of a bacterial infection. The infection affects the air sacs in the lungs rather than the tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. Organizing pneumonia of determined cause infection is a common cause of organizing pneumonia table 1. Here you can download file pathophysiology of pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages. Infectious diseases society of americaamerican thoracic. Her aunt claims that her niece has been coughing for nearly 3 weeks despite intake of ambroxol syrup. Risk factors include older age and medical comorbidities. Choose from 98 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology flashcards on quizlet.
Pneumonia is caused by a bacteria, virus or chemical. There is an intricate balance between the organisms residing in the lower respiratory tract and the local and systemic defense. Nursing homeacquired pneumonia is also a serious infection, with 30day mortality rates estimated at between 1030 percent. Community acquired pneumonia clinmed international library. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Empirical selection of antibiotic treatment is the cornerstone of management of patients with pneumonia. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of. Millennium development goal 4 reduce child mortality can only be achieved through intensified efforts to reduce the major causes of death in children under the age of five years.
To reduce the misuse of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and sidee. However, it is still the leading infectious cause of death in children younger than 5 years old worldwide. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be. Complications of pneumonia in children cl, a 5yearold girl, has been highly febrile for 5 days. Annually, there are an estimated 120160 million clinical pneumonia. Join our community just now to flow with the file pathophysiology of pneumonia and make our. Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Etiology nursing homeacquired pneumonia is categorized as a form of healthcareacquired pneumonia hcap.
Depending on the cause, doctors often treat pneumonia with medicine. Pneumococcal pneumonia pneumonia 80% have fever 80 % have crackles respiratory rate 20 per minute likely organisms except for aspiration cap virtually always single agent s. Pneumonia prolonged complicated pneumonia treatment community acquired pneumonia. The criteria used for selecting these recommendations are listed in detail in the guidelines manual.
In adults it is mostly caused by bacteria whereas in children and infants it is commonly due to viruses. Antibioticsfor pneumonia caused by bacteria antifungal medicationsfor pneumonia caused by fungi. In bacterial infections, organizing pneumonia occurs mostly in nonresolving pneumonia where, despite control of the infectious organism by antibiotics, the. Objective criteria or scores should always be supplemented with physician determination of subjective factors, including the ability to safely and reliably take oral. In a younger child, it may be difficult to determine whether he or she really has pneumonia. Know the complications of pneumonia in children and their appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Acute respiratory infection and pneumonia in india. Communityacquired pneumonia is a leading cause of death. The most common pathway for the microbial agent to reach the alveoli is by microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions.
1491 103 1502 1110 1641 461 816 599 417 1136 1321 760 1657 989 962 99 1376 1253 1355 1513 491 853 848 795 35 197 826 939 976 627 540 975